Civil Engineering Articles, Lectures & Notes

Municipal Wastewater Treatment

Sewage treatment process is the combination of physical and biological process with chemical process occasionally applied additionally to bring the sewage to such a quality that it is not harmful to human health and environment.

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Preliminary Treatment of Wastewater

It consists of removal of floating material (like dead animals, tree branches, papers, plastics, wood pieces, vegetables peels etc) and also the heavy settleable inorganic solids (grit etc). Preliminary treatment includes: Screening, Comminutors, Grit Removal, Skimming Tank etc

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Primary Treatment of Wastewater

Primary Treatment of Wastewater is a plain sedimentation process to remove suspended organic solids from the sewage. Chemical are sometimes used to remove finely divided and colloidal solids.

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Secondary Wastewater Treatment

The secondary wastewater treatment is required to remove the soluble and colloidal organic matters which remain after primary treatment. As it is mostly biological process also called biological treatment.

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Trickling Filter – Classification and Mechanism

Trickling Filter also known as percolating or sprinkling filter is like a well having depth up to about 2m and filled with some granular media. The sewage is sprinkled over the media which percolates through filter media and is collected through the under-drainage system.

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Activated Sludge Process

Activated sludge may be define as the sludge which settled down after the sewage has been agitated freely in the presence of abundant atmospheric oxygen. Activated sludge contains a large number of aerobic bacteria and other organism and acts as a fertilizing constituent (agent)

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Stormwater Runoff & Design Flow of Storm sewer

Generally there are two types for stormwater runoff 1. Hydrograph method It is used for longer water sheds generally greater than 3km2. 2. Rational method Rational method is very handy method for the calculation of storm water in urban areas.

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Aeration & Methods and Types of Aeration

The process of absorbing oxygen from air is known as aeration. High amount of O2 is provided in the aeration tank because of high BOD in sewage. Three methods for aeration in activated sludge process Diffused Air Aeration, Mechanical aeration & Combine aerator

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What is Rails, Definition & Types of Rails

A rail is a steel bar extending horizontally between supports which is used as a track for rail road. types Double & Bull Headed & Flat Footed Rails

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Wear of Rails

The separation or cutting of rail due to friction and abnormal heavy load is called wear. There are three types of wears of rail, Wear of rails at the Top, Wear of rails at the end and Wear at the side of head of rails.

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Category: Civil Engineering